4 関連学会: 2008年5月アーカイブ

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タマチカ研究会【2008年度第1回】
日時：2008年6月19日（木）12:00～(ランチタイムトーク)
　＊軽食をご用意いたします
場所：中央大学多摩キャンパス　2号館4階　研究所会議室4
話題提供者：Karen R. Dobkins先生（カリフォルニア大学）
演題：Atypical Visual Development in Infants at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

講演要旨：
　Many previous studies have documented atypicalities in face processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Because ASD is not diagnosed reliably before 24 months, to explore development of these face processing atypicalities, we investigated face processing and low-level visual processing (using event-related potentials, ERPs and psychophysics) in young infants who are at genetic risk of developing ASD because they have an older sibling diagnosed with the disorder. By studying visual processing in these "high-risk" infants, as it compares to that in "low-risk" control infants (i.e., typically developing infants from families without history of ASD), we capitalize on the notion that traits of ASD are often present in relatives of individuals with ASD (i.e., the "broader autism phenotype"). Differences observed between high- and low-risk infants might provide markers of ASD early in infancy.
  In our face processing studies, we recorded ERP and psychophysical responses to pictures of faces vs. non-face objects (toys, strollers). ERP results shows that for the P400 brainwave, low-risk infants exhibit significantly fasterresponses to faces than objects (by ~38 msec), whereashigh-risk infants exhibit the opposite effect; faster responses to objects than to faces (by ~18 msec). Psychophysical face data show a similar pattern. In low-level psychophysical studies, we measured sensitivity of the Magnocellular (M) and Parvocellular (P) visual pathways in 6-month-olds. Results show significant differences between high- and low-risk infants only in M pathway processing. Based on known projections from the M pathway to face processing areas during development, we propose a potential causal link between the observed face and low-level visual processing atypicalities. In sum, these findings reveal atypicalities in higher-level face vs. object processing, as well as low-level M vs. P pathway processing, in high-risk infants in the first year of life, which may be risk factors in the development of ASD.

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